Sir Francis Bond Head, the new lieutenant-governor, was sent to Upper Canada to appease the reformers in the Assembly. While it shrank, it became more violent, mainly through the support of the Hunters' Lodges, a secret United States-based militia that emerged around the Great Lakes, and launched the Patriot War in 1838–39. [41], Rolph tried to warn Mackenzie about the warrant for his arrest but could not find him so delivered the message to Lount instead. William Lyon Mackenzie was a fiery and vocal critic of the Upper Canadian system in the 1820's and 30's. The news of chaos in Lower Canada reached the people of Upper Canada in October of 1837. The records in the 1837 Rebellion Losses of Upper Canada are organized in this document by District. [44] Another horseman saw the rebel's march into Toronto and notified Fitzgibbon, who tried unsuccessfully to have officials take action. They wanted democratic reform and an end to the rule of a privileged oligarchy. [by whom?] It was initially thought that the Toronto rebellion was successful, contributing to Charles Duncombe wanting to rise up as well. He also entered into a working relationship with reformers in Lower Canada. His temperament and conviction led him to the point where he not only advocated armed rebellion against the colonial government but led it. The rebellion of lower Canada ended when upper & lower cananda became one due to the government wanting one country not two halves. On 8 January 1838, the Upper Canadian militia and a 50-man Coloured Corps under the command of Black community leader Josiah Henson captured the sailboat Anne. This is particularly true for the rebellion in Upper Canada. His report eventually led to greater autonomy in the Canadian colonies and the union of Upper and Lower Canada into the Province of Canada in 1840. The rebels’ loss of the Anne ended their This contributed to economic hardship and increased unemployment throughout the province. What economic, political, and social factors contributed to the rebellions of 1873 in Upper and Lower Canada? [5] Their administrative roles were intimately tied to their business activities. -instead of accepting the 92 resolutions, the British "The Canadian Rebellions of 1837 and 1838 as a Borderland War: A Retrospective,", Greenwood,F. The Lower Canadian Rebellion of 1837 stems from … The Rebellion was, rather, the unintended consequence of a sophisticated political movement that copied the organizational forms of the British Reform movement. was already moving towards gradual change through its appointment of more reform-minded governors: Sir James Kempt (1828–30), Lord Aylmer (1830–35) The rebellion of upper and lower Canada. It recommended that the Canadas be united into one colony. [44] Mackenzie took both men prisoner but did not search them for weapons as they gave their word that they did not have any. The 1837 rebellion in Upper Canada was a less violent, more limited than Lower Canada rebellion, although its leaders,William Lyon Mackenzie, was no less serious in their demands for reform, and an end to the rule of a oligarchy. [31] Rolph convinced Morrison to support the rebellion but they also told Mackenzie to get confirmation of support from rural communities. As a member of the Legislative Assembly, However, the remaining rebels thought their comrades There are many different factors that contributed to the 1873 rebellions of upper and lower Canada. Representative Government. It was felt hardest by the colony's farmers. Why did the Upper Canada Rebellion start? Terms in this set (11) Family Compact. In recounting the “myths of responsible government”, Romney emphasized that after the ascendancy of Loyalism as the dominant political ideology of Upper Canada any demand for democracy or for responsible government became a challenge to colonial sovereignty. During 1838, the rebels continued to send expeditions across the border. However, the mainstream historical view is that the uprising had limited support and was largely an accident. Hamilton, Sandwich (Windsor) and along the border in the Niagara region.). Scholars for Upper Canada such as Stanely Ryerson a Marxist support the idea that the rebellion was a bourgeoisie democratic revolution. In Lower Canada it was mostly a call for independence in order to preserve the French way of life and to pursue Canadien financial interests. Durham was assigned to report on the grievances among the British North American colonists and find a way to appease them. He also urged them to seize control of the government. A large number of the settlers were of American origin. The Early American Republic and the 1837–38 Canadian Rebellions. [11] The Reformers won a majority in the elections held in 1834 for the Legislative Assembly of the 12th Parliament of Upper Canada but the Family Compact held the majority in the Legislative Council. As a rare instance of armed insurgency in British North America, the 1837 Rebellion in what is now Ontario allows insight into the thinking and aspirations of early settlers. [49] Meanwhile, Bond Head proposed a negotiating session with rebel leaders to Marshall Spring Bidwell, who declined. They were easily dispersed by government volunteers under the command of Sir Allan Napier MacNab. [23] Mackenzie's first plan for rebellion involved calling on Sheldon & Dutcher's men to storm the city hall, where the militia's guns were stored. [14] After meeting with Reformers, Bond Head concluded that they were disloyal to the British Empire and allied himself with the Family Compact. There was also popular opposition to land-granting practices. Cross and R.L. [53] The rebels believed there were several battalions of troops firing upon them and several ran away. The new Tory-dominated Legislature passed laws that exacerbated tensions including continuing the Legislative session after the death of the King, prohibiting members of the Legislature from serving as Executive Councillors, making it easier to sue indebted farmers, protecting the Bank of Upper Canada from bankruptcy, and giving Legislative Councillors charters for their own banks. Mackenzie ignored the letter and continued his plan for rebellion. [39] Government officials met at the Lieutenant Governor's residence on December 2 to discuss how to stop rumours of a rebellion. The union was reorganized as the Canadian Alliance Society in 1835 and adopted much of the platform of the Owenite National Union of the Working Classes in London, England, that were to be integrated into the Chartist movement in England. They agreed to send sixty men to the Don Bridge to divert government troops. This included the union of Upper and Lower Canada into the Province of Canada and the eventual introduction of responsible government. [34] Mackenzie printed broadsheets listing grievances and a call to arms to communities surrounding Toronto. John Charles Dent, writing in 1885, said the rebellion was a reaction from the public of the government mismanagement of the minority ruling elite. (See: The Early American Republic and the 1837–38 Canadian Rebellions.) Britain have happened. more moderate lines. The ensuing conflicts along the border led to many more executions, deaths and deportations than the original In fact, they brought Britain and the US to the verge of war. After the rebellion, the British Government sent a man called Lord Durham to investigate the situation and he spent five month in the colony and wrote a long report. [13], Sir Francis Bond Head was appointed as Lieutenant-Governor and the Reform movement believed he would support their ideas. Some historians suggest that although they were not directly successful or large, the rebellions in 1837 should be viewed in the wider context of the late 18th and early 19th century Atlantic Revolutions including the American Revolutionary War in 1776, the French Revolution of 1789–99, the Haitian Revolution of 1791–1804, the Irish Rebellion of 1798, and the independence struggles of Spanish America (1810–1825). Parliament also sent Lord Durham to become Governor-in-Chief of the British North American colonies,[70] so that Arthur reported to Durham. The revolt in Lower Canada was the more serious and violent of the two. Many of the grievances which underlay the Rebellion involved the provisions of the Constitutional Act of 1791, which had created Upper Canada's political framework. [74] Frederick Armstrong believed the rebellion was a reaction to patronage afforded to members of the Family Compact after winning the 1836 election. [32] Mackenzie sought out support in rural communities but he also proclaimed that an armed rebellion would happen on December 7 and assigned Samuel Lount and Anthony Anderson as commanders. [43], A loyalist named Robert Moodie saw the large gathering at Montgomery's Tavern and rode towards Toronto to warn the officials. The Upper Canada Rebellion was, along with the Patriotes Rebellion in Lower Canada, a rebellion against the colonial government in 1837 and 1838.Collectively they are also known as the Rebellion of 1837, while the Patriotes Rebellion is also called the Lower Canada Rebellion.. They suffered a series of crop failures and were subject to harsh debt-collection laws. A second confrontation took place a few days later near Brantford. They were the leading members of the administration: executive councillors, legislative councillors, senior officials and some members of the judiciary. After the rebellions, Both Papineau and Mckenzie fled to the United States, leaving their follower rebels to face their punishments. [74], Paul Romney explains this failure of historical imagination as the outcome of an explicit strategy adopted by reformers in the face of charges of disloyalty to Britain in the wake of the Rebellions of 1837. [67] The victorious Tory supporters burned homes and farms of known rebels and suspected supporters. Consequences of Rebellion in Upper Canada: The Durham Report suggested that Upper Canada and Lower Canada be united into one colony. [29] Reformers such as Thomas David Morrison opposed this plan and the meeting ended without consensus on what to do next. [57] His advice was rejected, so he proposed entrenching and defending their position at the tavern. To begin with, the rebellion in Upper Canada failed miserably because of the lack of military experience from the rebels, and, as a result, it wasnà  t very threathening. [19] He appealed to the people's desire to maintain part of the British Empire and a paternalistic attitude of the Crown providing goods for the people. The causes of the rebellion in Upper Canada are unique and quite different from Lower Canada. The Upper Canada Rebellion is sometimes dismissed as a "farmers' revolt," an opportunistic action by misled backwoodsmen. Oligarchy. The Upper Canada Rebellion was a lost attempt for change, which, at first, just resulted in severe punishment, such as death, flogging, hanging, and à  transportationà  , for the rebels. They focused on the campaign for responsible government and were thus prepared to unite the two Canadas. Although many rebels, including Duncombe, had fled prior to the upcoming battle due to hearing about the failure of Mackenzie in Toronto and general disorganization, there were still some present in Scotland, Ontario and MacNab commenced his attack on Scotland on December 14, causing the remaining rebels to flee after only a few shots were fired. They obtained supplies from supporters in the United States, resulting in British reprisals (see Caroline affair). [26] Farmers organised target practice sessions and forges in the Home District and Simcoe County created weapons for the rebellion. Bond Head then refused to pass any legislation from that government session including major public works projects. A form of government in which the power to rule is held by a small, usually self-appointed elite. 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