The climate varies from hot and subhumid tropical in the southern tracts to, with more elevation, cold, alpine, and glacial in the northern and eastern mountain ranges. The climate varies from hot and subhumid tropical in the southern tracts to, with more elevation, cold, alpine, and glacial in the northern and eastern mountain ranges. The state has areas like Dharamsala that receive very heavy rainfall, as well as those like Lahaul and Spiti that are cold and almost rainless. This zone extends from 651 meters to 1,800 meters above mean sea level. Mean annual temperature is higher in western parts of the state and it decreases gradually towards north and eastern parts, as the altitude increases. 4. Patiala is 99 miles from Mandi, so the actual climate in Mandi can vary a bit. This can be done by spraying sulphur dioxide into the upper atmosphere. A total of 23 droughts have occurred in the state of which 20 were moderate and 3 have been severe over the 1879-2009 time periods with the drought probability of 17 % and with four instances of consecutive droughts over two years. Himalayas - Himalayas - Climate: The Himalayas, as a great climatic divide affecting large systems of air and water circulation, help determine meteorological conditions in the Indian subcontinent to the south and in the Central Asian highlands to the north. Due to rain shadow effect of the Dhauladhar and Pir Panjal ranges, rainfall starts decreasing towards Lahaul-Spiti and Kinnaur. In the central, southwestern and southeastern parts of the state, rainfall ranges between 1,000 and 2,000 mm. The highest rainfall occurs in Kangra district followed by Shimla district. Meteorological drought over an area is defined as a situation when the monsoon seasonal (June-September) rainfall over the area is less than 75% of its long-term average value. With the 329 million hectares of the geographical area the country presents a large number of complex agro-climatic situations. Himachal Pradesh > Solan. This zone possesses good pastures and meadows. COLD DRY ZONE : It Comprises of Lahaul-Spiti and Kinnaur Districts and Pangi Tehsil of Chamba District lying about 2,200 meters above mean sea level. We are grateful to the Department of Science and Technology (DST), Government of India for choosing IRADe to do this study. Stamp’s Classification of Climatic Regions of India. Climate and climatic zones in Himachal Pradesh. The average annual temperature lies between 20 and 25 degree Centigrade in the remaining parts of Una and Bilaspur districts, the northwestern part of Solan district, parts of Hamirpur district, and the extreme western part of Mandi district. The average rainfall is 152 cms. Flora of this region is similar to that of Tarai belt. Annual Weather Averages in Amritsar Airport. It Comprises of Lahaul-Spiti and Kinnaur Districts and Pangi Tehsil of Chamba District lying about 2,200 meters above mean sea level. In dhauldhar and Pir panjal ranges, rainfall start decreaing towards Lahaul spiti and Kinnaur. 2nd Floor, Dainik Bhaskar Building, The average monthly temperature of the summer months varies from 26 degree celsius in lower outer valleys to 14 degree centgrade in the inner valley zone and that of winter months from 13 degree centgrade to 4 degree centigrade.Temperature also increases with increasing altitude. During winter months, a fairly good amount of rainfall and snowfall is also received from western disturbances throughout the state. During winter months, a fairly good amount of rainfall and snowfall is also recieved from western disturbances throughout the state.In general rainfall follows altitudnal patterns and increases from plains to hills. In a year, the rainfall is 2883 mm | 113.5 inch. Climate of Himachal Pradesh : The Himalaya constitute the highest mountain system of the world. There is great diversification in the climatic conditions of Himachal due to … Climate of Himachal Pradesh The climate varies across the state with the altitude. DMPQ- Give a brief description of the evolution of Marathi literature from early to modern period. How is India’s IRNSS ( Indian regional navigational satellite system is different from GPS? In Mandi, the average annual temperature is 21.7 °C | 71.0 °F. The commonly grown crops are Wheat, Barley, Lesser Millets, Pseudo-cereals (Buckwheat and Amaranthus), Maize and Potato etc. send mail to support@abhimanu.com mentioning your email id and mobileno registered with us! (60 inches). The Axis and Crystalline core of the whole system (the height above 4500 metres but below 5500 metres). The environment ministry launched SPAI on October 23, 2019, to estimate the number of snow leopards in Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh. The ppt consists of types of climatic regions in india, 5 typesof climatic zones in india, their description , cold and cloudy zone, shimla, himachal pradesh, types of design features according to climatic zones, active and passive cooling and heating techniques in cold and cloudy region. Draught in Himachal Pradesh : Draught over an area is defined as a situation when in the monsoon season (june- september ) rainfall over the area is less than 75 % of its long term average value. – moist soil and seasonally high rainfall. The height from the mean sea level varies from 350 to 6975 meters. Himachal Pradesh is a northern State and situated the southern of the mighty Himalayas. The major crops grown in this Zone are Wheat, Maize, Paddy, Gram, Sugarcane, Mustard, Potato, Vegetables etc. The maximum mean annual temperature of above 25 degree Centigrade is recorded in the southern and western part of Una district, the western parts of Bilaspur district, and the extreme southwestern part of Solan district. In the southern low tracks between an altitude of 400-900 it is... Shimla district has tropical upland type climate with mild and dry winter and short warm summer. The Köppen-Geiger climate classification is Cwa. B) But for simplification and detailed study we will divide climatic Regions of Himachal pradesh as follows 1.Tropical climate 2.Temprate climate 3.Higher alpine Arctic climate. The special characteristics of this zone are absence of snow fall. The Mandi lies on 756m above sea level Mandi's climate is classified as warm and temperate. Showing: All Year January February March April May June July August September October November December Having mild temperate climate. Physiographically, the state can be divided into five zones based on altitudes and moisture regime conditions. Himachal Pradesh - Climate There is great diversification in the climatic conditions of Himachal Pradesh due to variation in elevation. These vary from wet humid sub-temperate situation to dry temperate alpine high lands. Climate Sub Tropical, consists of foothills and valley area from 350 to 650 meters above mean sea level. Based on weather reports collected during 2005–2015. Mean annual temerature is higher in western parts of the state and decrease gradually towards north and eastern parts, as the altitude increases.The maximum mean annual temperature of above 25 degree centigrade, is recorded in southern and western part of Una distt, the western part of Bilaspur distt, and the extreme southwestern part of Solan distt, in the remaining part of the state, the mean annual temperature is less than 15 degree. Himachal Pradesh is enlisted under the frequent drought (10-20% probability) prone areas as per Indian Meteorological Department’s (IMD) classification of drought incidences from 1875-2004 periods. The climate varies from hot and sub-humid tropical in the southern tracts to cold, alpine and glacial in the northern and eastern mountain ranges with higher elevation. Agro-climatic Zones in Himachal Pradesh- Himachal Pradesh is divided into 4 Agro-Climatic Zones. climate of himachal pradesh ppt; climate of himachal pradesh ppt. Climate Sub Tropical, consists of foothills and valley area from 350 to 650 … Dharamsala receives the highest rainfall in the state. The planet’s oceans and glaciers have also experienced some big changes – oceans are warming and becoming more acidic, ice caps are melting, and sea levels are rising. A total of 23 has occured in the state of which 20 were moderate and 3 has been severe over the 1879-2009 time periods with the draught probability of 17 % and over four instances of consecutive draughts over two years. -areas of Chamba, kangra, Bilaspur, hamirpur etc. L. Dudley Stamp’s classification of Indian climate is much similar to that suggested by W.G. Climate Sub -Tropical consists of foothills and valley area having elevation from 350m to 650 m above sea level. The peripheral areas of Dharamsala region, the southwestern part of Chamba, and the southern part of Sirmaur receive annual rainfall above 2,000 mm. SHIVALIK HILL ZONE : Climate Sub Tropical, consists of foothills and valley area from 350 to 650 meters above mean sea level, It occupies about 35% of the geographical area and about 40% of the cultivated area of the State. Agro-climatically the state can be divided into four zones viz.:-1. 1. This is extremely important because as these and other changes become more pronounced in the coming decades, they will likely present challenges to our society and our environment, but it can be tackled by not hampering the natural resources, reduce pollution to the maximum level so taht the balance must remain with both environment and development. Average minimum and maximum temperature over the year 2. Himachal Pradesh is located between 75o 45' 55" E to 79o 04' 20" E longitudeand 30o 22' 40" N to 33o 12' 40" N latitude. RAINFALL, CLIMATE AND TEMPERATURE OF HIMACHAL PRADESH | HIMACHAL GENERAL KNOWLEDGE | HIMACHAL PARIKSHA RAINFALL, CLIMATE AND TEMPERATURE OF HIMACHAL PRADESH Due to variation in elevation(350m-7025m) the climatic conditions are also variable in the state.The climatic conditions vary from hot and subhumid tropical in the south-west to temperate, … Read: Himachal Pradesh Likely To Receive Heavy To Very Rainfall: IMD. Geographical Regions of Himachal Pradesh (Shiwalik, Doons and Low Valleys, Outer Valleys of Sub Himalaya, Mid Hill Tracts of High Himalaya, High hills and Valleys and Inner Zones). Himachal Pradesh completed field work for this survey in March this … The area is ideally suited for the production of quality seed Potato and temperate Vegetables. The Shivalik ranges (the height from plain upto 915 metres); Colder Zone (the height is about 4500 metres); and. if details not recieved, Climate and Climatic zones of Himachal Pradesh. 9501114404 It even experiences heavy snow fall during the winter months. info@abhimanu.com, Civil Services Examination (General Studies), Complete Career Security after Graduation, IBPS RRB - Office Assistant/ Clerical Exam. DMPQ- Write an essay on Young Bengal Movement and Henry Vivian Derozio. Stamp used 18°C isotherm of mean monthly temperature for January to divide the country into two broad climatic regions – Temperate or continental zone in the north and It is measured by assessing the patterns of variation in temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, precipitation, atmospheric particle count and other meteorological variables in a given region over long periods of time. -in middle and upper parts of state. According to a research published in the journal Climatic Change, researchers have come up with a way to combat global warming during a climatic emergency. Over the years the structure of education has changed from just classroom teaching to holistic learning by using multiple channels. Temperature in general decreases from south to north.  Agro-climatic zones of india An “Agro-climatic zone” is a land unit in terms of major climates, suitable for a certain range of crops and cultivars. It occupies about 8% of the geographical and 2% of the total cultivated area of the State. Geography of Himachal Pradesh: Relief, Drainage, Vegetation cover and types. https://dailyhimachalgk.in/climate-zones-of-himachal-pradesh This zone possesses good pastures and meadows. The major crops are Wheat, Maize, Barley, Black Gram, Beans, Paddy etc. With the 329 million hectares of the geographical area the country presents a large number of complex agro-climatic situations. SHIVALIK HILL ZONE Climate of Himachal Pradesh: MID HILL ZONE Climate of Himachal Pradesh: HIGH HILL ZONE Climate of Himachal Pradesh: COLD DRY ZONE Climate of Himachal Pradesh: [jetpack_subscription_form title=”Subscribe to HPPSC Notes” subscribe_text=”Never Miss any HPPSC important update!” subscribe_button=”Sign Me Up” show_subscribers_total=”1″], Sorry, you have Javascript Disabled! report “Socio Economic Vulnerability of Himachal Pradesh to Climate Change ’’. Please select a city you wish to travel to or the one closest to your destination. Himachal Pradesh experience a wide variety of climatic conditions, ranging from areas, receiving very heavy rain fall to the cold, almost rainless deserts of lahau spiti and pooh. Climate differs from weather, in that weather only describes the short-term conditions of these variables in a given region. Climate data and weather averages in Dharamshala. The climate varies across the state with the altitude. In the northwestern and eastern parts of Chamba, the south-western portion of Lahaul-Spiti, the southern and western parts of Kinnaur, and parts of eastern Kullu, the annual rainfall varies between 50 and 100 mm. In winter, there is much less rainfall in Mandi than in summer. SHIVALIK HILL ZONE:. [15], During the Vedic period, several small republics known as Janapada existed which were later conquered by the Gupta Empire. See instructions, PAPER-IV: GENERAL STUDIES-I – History and Culture,Geography and Disaster Management, PAPER-V: GENERAL STUDIES-II- Polity and International Relations, PAPER-VI: GENERAL STUDIES-III- Economy, Science Tech and Environment, HPPCS Prelims Exam - Test Series and Notes Program, HPPCS Prelims and Mains Tests Series and Notes Program, 13.10.17 (RPSC) Rajasthan Current Affairs, Syllabus and Pattern of HPPCS Prelims Exam. The climate varies from hot and sub-humid tropical (450-900mtrs) in the southern low tracts, warm and temperate (900-1800mtrs), cool and temperate (1900-2400mtrs) and cold glacial and alpine (2400-4800mtrs) in the northern and eastern high elevated mountain ranges. DMPQ- What is GPS (Global positioning system)? This zone covers about 35% of the geographical areas and about 21% of the cultivated area of the State. The average monthly temperature of the summer months varies from 26 C in the lower outer valleys to 14 degree Centigrade in the inner valley zone, and that of winter months from 13 degree Centigrade to 4 degree Centigrade. Spiti valley is closed from all sides by high mountains and therefore it is driest. Besides the seasonal variations, the climate of Himachal Pradesh varies at different altitudes. The major crops grown in this Zone are Wheat, Maize, Paddy, Gram, Sugarcane, Mustard, Potato, Vegetables etc. Himachal Pradesh is enlisted under the frequent draught (10-20% ) prone areas as per the Indian Metereological Department (imd) classification of draught incidences from 1875-2004 periods. 3. Shimla district has tropical upland type climate with mild and dry winter and short warm summer. The state of Himachal Pradesh, India is a hilly region and it experiences a pleasant Climate through out the year… HIGH HILL ZONE : It lies from 1,801 to 2,200 meters above sea level with humid temperate climate and alpine pastures. There is a huge variation in the climatic conditions of Himachal Pradesh due to variation in altitude (450–6500 metres). SHIVALIK HILL ZONE : Climate Sub Tropical, consists of foothills and valley area from 350 to 650 … Temperature in general decreases from south to north. In the eastern parts of Mandi district, parts of Kullu district, Kangra valley area, and the northeastern part of Solan district, the variation in mean annual temperature is between 15 and 20 degree Centigrade. Temperature also decreases with increasing altitude. A year is considered as a ‘drought year’ when the area affected by moderate and severe drought either individually or together is 20- 40% of the total area of the country and seasonal rainfall deficiency during southwest monsoon season for the country as a whole is at least 10% or more. There is great diversification in the climatic conditions of Himachal due to variation in elevation (450-6500mtrs). Agro-climatic Zones in Himachal Pradesh- Himachal Pradesh is divided into 4 Agro-Climatic Zones. The area is ideally suited for the production of quality seed Potato and temperate Vegetables. Climate is the statistics of weather over long periods of time. The State is bordered by Jammu & Kashmir on North, Punjab on West and South-West, Haryana on South, Uttar Pradesh on South-East and China on the East. This zone has very good potential for the cultivation of cash crops like Off-Season Vegetables, Ginger and production of quality seeds of temperate vegetables like Cauliflower and root crops. Chamba district experiences, humid subtropical type climate having mild winter, long hot summer and moist all season. With the 329 million hectares of the geographical area the country presents a large number of complex agro-climatic situations. There is great variation in the climatic conditions of Himachal due to extreme variation in elevation. To see this page as it is meant to appear, please enable your Javascript! By: Pooja Sharda ProfileResourcesReport error, Compendiem of Weekly Current affairs articles, categorized on the basis of subjects, Weekly current affairs quiz for your exam, multiple choice questions, to testify your current gk. o Sup types. HPPCS Prelims and Mains Notes, HPPSC Test Series, Agro climatic Zone of Climate of Himachal Pradesh. Broadly Himachal experience three seasons; hot weather season, cold weather season and rainy season. Solan Climate (India) >>Solan Weather by month // weather averages >>Solan Climate graph // Weather by Month >>Solan average temperature >>Solan Weather; Solan climate summary The Solan lies on 1532m above sea level The climate in Solan is warm and temperate. The major crops grown are Wheat,Barley, Pseudo-cereals like Buck wheat and Amaranthus. Winter lasts from late November till mid March. 2.Temprate climate-. Having mild temperate climate. The state of Himachal Pradesh, India is a hilly region and it experiences a pleasant Climate through out the year. The major crops grown are Wheat,Barley, Pseudo-cereals like Buck wheat and Amaranthus. Most of the rainfall in Himachal Pradesh originates from the southwestern monsoon, starting in June and stretching up to September. Kullu district experience mainly humid subtropical type of climate with mild winter moist all season, long hot summer and marine. The weather of Himachal alters with the change of altitude. Average monthly precipitation over the year (rainfall, snow) 3. Climate and Average Weather in Himachal Pradesh, India. Showing: All Year January February March April May June July August September October November December In the remaining parts of the state, the mean annual temperature is less than 15 degree Centigrade. It occupies about 32% of the total geographical area and about 37% of the cultivated area of the State, The major crops are Wheat, Maize, Barley, Black Gram, Beans, Paddy etc.  Agro-climatic zones of india An “Agro-climatic zone” is a land unit in terms of major climates, suitable for a certain range of crops and cultivars. Bilaspur, Kangra, Mandi, Sirmour, and Una districts experience sub tropical monsoon, mild and dry winter and hot summer. SHIVALIK HILL ZONE : Climate Sub Tropical, consists of foothills and valley area from 350 to 650 meters above mean sea level, It occupies about 35% of the geographical area and about 40% of the cultivated area of the State. According to geographical features of Himachal Pradesh , it has 3 climatic zones of Himachal Pradesh : 1. Spatially, in general, rainfall follows altitudinal patterns and increases from plains to the hills. Shiwalik Hill Zone (Sub Tropical Mountain and Low Hills): Comprising of upland of part of Chamba, Kangra, Hamirpur,Solan, Sirmour and Bilaspur districts. When compared with winter, the summers have much more rainfall. 2.1- wet temprate zone. With the changing average weather pattern in the state it becomes very important for society and government to sustainably utilise the resources and should not imbalance the environment otherwise the effects are going to more dangerous. 1. In the southern low tracks between an altitude of 400-900 it is hot sub humid type, between 900-1800m altitude warm & temperate, between 900-2400m cool & temperate, cold alpine & glacial above 2400- 4800m altitude. Patiala is 99 miles from Mandi, so the actual climate in Mandi can vary a bit. RAINFALL, CLIMATE AND TEMPERATURE OF HIMACHAL PRADESH Due to variation in elevation (350m-7025m) the climatic conditions are also variable in the state.The climatic conditions vary from hot and subhumid tropical in the south-west to temperate, cold, alpine and glacial in the Northern and Eastern high mountains. It occupies about 32% of the total geographical area and about 37% of the cultivated area of the State. 2.2-Cool humid temprate zone. – elevation -upto 1500m. The commonly grown crops are Wheat, Barley, Lesser Millets, Pseudo-cereals (Buckwheat and Amaranthus), Maize and Potato etc. Rainfall in Himachal Pradesh : Most of the rainfall in Himachal Pradesh originates from the southernwestern monsoon, starting from June and stretching upto september, maximum rainfall occurs during the month of july and august. It is ideally suited for the production of quality Seed Potato, temperate and European type of Vegetables and their Seeds, Seed Potato, Peas as green and seed purposes. Rapidly changing climate is degrading the snow cover of Himalayan rivers originating in Himachal Pradesh, according to a recent study by the State Centre on Climate Change under the aegis of … Himachal Pradesh > Mandi. Mandi Climate (India) >>Mandi Weather by month // weather averages >>Mandi Climate graph // Weather by Month >>Mandi average temperature >>Mandi Weather; Mandi climate summary The Mandi lies on 756m above sea level Mandi's climate is classified as warm and temperate. There are striking variations in the mean annual temperature in the state. Indigenous architectural solutions have ... faceted realities of the people living in different climatic zones of Himachal Pradesh. Maximum rainfall occurs during the months of July and August. This zone has very good potential for the cultivation of cash crops like Off-Season Vegetables, Ginger and production of quality seeds of temperate vegetables like Cauliflower and root crops. Moderate drought: if the rainfall deficit is 26-50% and Severe drought: when the deficit exceeds 50% of the normal. It is ideally suited for the production of quality Seed Potato, temperate and European type of Vegetables and their Seeds, Seed Potato, Peas as green and seed purposes. In the first climatic zone i.e., up to height of 4,000 ft. (1200 m approx. The Climate of any place is dependent on various geographical factors. DMPQ- What is article 370? From these regions, the rainfall declines gradually towards the northern and eastern parts of the state. The areas like Dharamshala, Palampur, Mandi and Kullu receive good amount of rainfall during monsoon and winter seasons. Rainfall distribution varies from less than 50 mm in the drier part of Lahaul-Spiti and Kinnaur districts to over 3,000 mm in the area around Dharamsala. During the period from January to February heavy snowfall in higher reaches create conditions for low temperature throughout the state making it unpleasant and series of western disturbances also affect the state, Himachal Pradesh can be divided into three regions: –. Summer lasts from mid April till the end of June and most parts become very hot (except in alpine zone which experience mild summer) with the average temperature ranging from 28 °C (82 °F) to 32 °C(90 °F). Each selected city will show you the following graphs: 1. Interested in the detailed Weather and Climate of Himachal Pradesh, India? ), where climatic conditions are mild throughout the year, i.e., pleasant summers, mild winters and medium rain falls. It occupies about 8% of the geographical and 2% of the total cultivated area of the State. It occupies about 35% of the geographical area and about 40% of the cultivated area of the State. SHIVALIK HILL ZONE : Climate Sub Tropical, consists of foothills and valley area from 350 to 650 meters above mean sea level, It occupies about 35% of the geographical area and about 40% of the cultivated area of the State. 1.2- sub tropical climate. Monsoon se  Agro-climatic zones of india An “Agro-climatic zone” is a land unit in terms of major climates, suitable for a certain range of crops and cultivars. Many places have seen changes in rainfall, resulting in more floods, droughts, or intense rain, as well as more frequent and severe heat waves. 25D, Chandigarh, 160014 in the Higher and Trans-Himalayan region).The various factors which are responsible for climate variation in Himachal Pradesh are : Temperature of Himachal Pradesh : There are striking variations in the mean annual temperature in the state. 2. Monsoon se Snowfall is common in alpine tracts (generally above 2,200 metres i.e. Abstract—The Traditional Architecture of Himachal Pradesh is the outcome of the prevailing topography, extremes of the climate and other natural forces. Based on weather reports collected during 2005–2015. Madhya Pradesh (/ ˌ m ʌ ð j ə p r ə ˈ ð eɪ ʃ /, Hindi: [ˈmədʱjə pɾəˈdeːʃ] (); meaning Central Province) is a state in central India.Its capital is Bhopal, and the largest city is Indore, with Jabalpur, Gwalior, Ujjain and Satna being the other major cities. This zone covers about 35% of the geographical areas and about 21% of the cultivated area of the State. DMPQ- What are the objectives and composition of the parliamentary forums? Amritsar Airport is 95 miles from Dharamshala, so the actual climate in Dharamshala can vary a bit. There is a huge variation in the climatic conditions of Himachal Pradesh due to variation in altitude (450-6500mtrs). The climatic conditions, therefore, vary from the semi- tropical to semi-artic. MID HILL ZONE: This zone extends from 651 meters to 1,800 meters above mean sea level. The ppt consists of types of climatic regions in india, 5 typesof climatic zones in india, their description , cold and cloudy zone, shimla, himachal pradesh, types of design features according to climatic zones, active and passive cooling and heating techniques in cold and cloudy region. What are the implications after its removal? It lies from 1,801 to 2,200 meters above sea level with humid temperate climate and alpine pastures. The Climate of any place is dependent on various geographical factors. Kendrew. However, this method has its own disadvantage. Of climatic Regions of India on altitudes and moisture regime conditions cultivated area of the state with the million! Is great variation in elevation to geographical features of Himachal Pradesh, India Bengal Movement and Henry Vivian.... 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Below 5500 metres ) that of Tarai belt besides the seasonal variations, the rainfall in Mandi, Sirmour and. The special characteristics of this region is similar to that of Tarai belt of..., where climatic conditions, therefore, vary from wet humid sub-temperate situation to dry alpine. And situated the southern of the geographical areas and about 40 % the. Sugarcane, Mustard, Potato, Vegetables etc high mountains and therefore it is driest Young! Mean annual temperature in the climatic conditions are mild throughout the year, i.e., pleasant summers, mild dry. Rainfall declines gradually towards the northern and eastern parts of the normal early to modern.. Precipitation over the years the structure of education has changed from just classroom teaching to learning! In a year, the rainfall is 2883 mm | 113.5 inch hectares of the areas... Temperature in the detailed weather and climate of any place is dependent on various geographical factors 650. Wheat and Amaranthus various geographical factors | 71.0 °F Economic Vulnerability of Pradesh! Highest rainfall occurs in Kangra district followed by shimla district and Kinnaur districts and Tehsil! Several small republics known as Janapada existed which were later conquered by the Empire.